Impact of training: Determinants of adoption of agroforestry practices by Colombian cacao producers at baseline

This study examines baseline characteristics and determinants of adoption of five cacao agroforestry practices among farmers in the rapidly expanding cacao-producing departments of Cesar and Caquetá, Colombia. Using baseline data collected in late 2024, the evaluation is designed to assess the future impact of cacao training on agronomic and economic outcomes, with endline data collection planned for 2026 and a Difference-in-Differences approach. Descriptive statistics characterize farmers at baseline, while multivariate probit models analyze adoption of organic and chemical fertilization, cover crops, pruning, and sanitary control. Results show that adoption decisions are interrelated and influenced by household characteristics, labor and financial resources, institutional support, and farm-level conditions. Input-intensive practices are more likely among farmers with greater financial access and extension support, while organic fertilization and cover crops are associated with resource-constrained households. Tree species composition and cacao genetic type also matter, with cloned cacao and Inga shade trees increasing adoption of several practices. Findings highlight the need for integrated, context-specific extension strategies that account for complementarities, substitution effects, and farmer heterogeneity.