Of crises, advocates, and framings. The formation of agroecology policy landscapes in Peru and Kenya

Advancing agroecological transitions requires developing supportive policy frameworks. However, to date, the way such frameworks emerge has not been documented in depth and in detail. This paper addresses this gap by examining the formation of agroecology policy landscapes (policy and actor constellations). The cases of Peru and Kenya are examined through a framework of drivers of policy change. We found evidence that the interplay of multiple crises, civil advocacy, and emerging agroecological cognitive frames resulted in a transition towards a more favorable policy landscape for agroecology in the two countries. This transition, however, is limited due to institutional ambiguity and political reluctance to alter the status quo. This study demonstrates the need for policies and institutions supporting farmers' self-organization, agency, advocacy capacity, and territorial decision-making, as well as reexamining policies that promote industrial agriculture and corporate interests. Establishing coherent agroecological framings within policymaking is essential for enabling agroecology-supportive policy landscapes.