Cost-benefit analysis of climate-smart agricultural practices in Nigeria: Case studies of Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe States.

This study assesses the economic viability of selected climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in northeast Nigeria, using case studies from Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe States. An ex‑ante cost–benefit analysis was conducted on nine prioritized CSA practices based on expert data, comparing adoption scenarios against business-as-usual farming. Profitability was evaluated using net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period from the perspective of smallholder farmers. Results indicate that all practices generated positive net present values, with seven exhibiting low risk and short payback periods, making them suitable for smallholder adoption. Two higher-cost practices were profitable but require institutional or policy support to enable uptake. Overall, the findings demonstrate that CSA practices can enhance resilience and profitability for smallholder farmers, while highlighting the importance of targeted financing and enabling policies to support scale-up.